陶行知“因材施教”理念:初中道德与法治课作业评价优化的应然遵循
安保国，刘子逍
(温州大学马克思主义学院，浙江 温州325035)
摘 要;陶行知在生活教育框架中重新阐释“因材施教”,既承认学生差异并强调因需施教、因时施教与依性施教，又以公民养成为旨归，主张从社会生活的公共性角度出发理解学生差异。这一理念与初中道德与法治课素养导向的作业评价优化具有内在一致性。具体而言，陶行知因材施教理念既契合初中道德与法治课作业评价的育人指向，也能支撑其回应学生的差异化发展需求，还能防范评价滑向“个人主义”与功利化取向。据此，陶行知因材施教理念指引下的初中道德与法治课作业评价，应以真实生活情境中的作业任务为载体，在任务完成过程中提取过程与成果证据;设置分层作业及相应的弹性评价标准以回应学生差异;通过成长档案袋与多主体协同评价，提升评价的针对性与解释力，从而更好地彰显初中道德与法治课作为落实立德树人根本任务关键课程的定位。
关键词;陶行知;因材施教;初中道德与法治;素养导向;作业评价
Tao Xingzhi's Concept of "Teaching Students According to TheirAptitude": A Normative Principle for Optimizing Homework Evaluation inMoral and Law in Lower Secondary Schools
AN Baoguo, LIU Zixiao
(School of Manxism, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang)
Abstract: Within the framework of life education, Tao Xingzhi reinterpreted "teaching students accordingto their aptitude". He not only acknowledged student differences and emphasized teaching according to needs,timing, and disposition, but also took civic cultivation as the purpose of his educational practice, advocatingthat student differences be understood from the perspective of the public nature of social life. This concept isinherently consistent with the competency-oriented reform of homework evaluation in Moral and Law of LowerSecondary Schools. Specifically, Tao Xingzhi's understanding not only aligns with the educational orientation of homework evaluation, but also supports its response to students' differentiated developmental needs andprevents evaluation from sliding toward "individualism" and utilitarian orientations. Accordingly, under theguidance of Tao Xingzhi's understanding, homework evaluation should take homework tasks in real-lifecontexts as the carrier, extract process and product evidence during task completion, set tiered homework andflexible evaluation criteria to respond to student differences, and improve the pertinence and explanatory powerof evaluation through growth portfolios and multi-stakeholder collaborative evaluation, so as to better serve thekey course positioning in implementing the fundamental task of fostering virtue through education.
Keywords : Tao Xingzhi; teaching students according to their aptitude; Moral and Law of LowerSecondary Schools; competency-oriented; homework evaluation
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